Home  
Site Partners: SpotterGuides Veloce Books  
Related Sites: Your Link Here  

Go Back   TenTenths Motorsport Forum > Saloon & Sportscar Racing > Sportscar & GT Racing > 24 Heures du Mans

Closed Thread
 
Thread Tools Display Modes
Old 13 Jun 2022, 17:26 (Ref:4115411)   #1
kartman24
Racer
 
Join Date: Nov 2008
Posts: 183
kartman24 should be qualifying in the top 10 on the grid
Le Mans 2023 Le Mans Entries (Closed)

Well this years race has been and gone and hopefully we can look forward to a much greater depth of competition in the top class in the next few years. What do we reckon next years Hypercar class entry list will comprise of? I will kick it off, if anyone has more info on the likely entries please speak up!

2 Toyotas
2 Glickenhaus
2 Peugeots
2/4 Porsche
2 Ferrari
2/4 Cadillac
Acura?
BMW?
kartman24 is offline  
Old 13 Jun 2022, 18:47 (Ref:4115433)   #2
tomcug
Veteran
 
Join Date: Jan 2022
Posts: 1,206
tomcug should be qualifying in the top 10 on the grid
Quote:
Originally Posted by kartman24 View Post
2 Glickenhaus
Not sure if James still wants to continue after another "fair" BOP this year (and it's probably gonna get worse once more big boys join).
Quote:
Originally Posted by kartman24 View Post
2/4 Porsche
2/4 Cadillac
Most likely 2 cars each of these two.
Quote:
Originally Posted by kartman24 View Post
Acura?
BMW?
Not in 2023.
tomcug is offline  
Old 13 Jun 2022, 20:45 (Ref:4115448)   #3
broadrun96
Veteran
 
broadrun96's Avatar
 
Join Date: Mar 2005
United States
Posts: 12,135
broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!
Think they'll be some words between the ACO and Jim but I could see them back again with someone new bringing their cars, sounds like they're talking with others about more money and sales. And I would expect the GT3 car to be run by someone

BMW and Acura are out until, or if, they sell a car or 2.

Porsche I think will try to get 3 cars, as will Toyota just to up the odds

Caddy and Peugeot will run their 2 cars, Ferrari likely only the 2 chassis built by then.

Taking the dropped cars of GTE-Pro (7 cars) and possible lost Am cars in the last year and possible P2 losses (Penske, AF Corse at least), I think we'll have 10 "open spaces" vs this year. And the ACO will add their premier cars for the 100 anniversary over more GT cars

Last edited by broadrun96; 13 Jun 2022 at 20:52.
broadrun96 is online now  
Old 14 Jun 2022, 20:40 (Ref:4115647)   #4
Coach Ep
Veteran
 
Coach Ep's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jun 2009
Posts: 4,482
Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!
Quote:
Originally Posted by broadrun96 View Post
Think they'll be some words between the ACO and Jim but I could see them back again with someone new bringing their cars, sounds like they're talking with others about more money and sales. And I would expect the GT3 car to be run by someone

BMW and Acura are out until, or if, they sell a car or 2.

Porsche I think will try to get 3 cars, as will Toyota just to up the odds

Caddy and Peugeot will run their 2 cars, Ferrari likely only the 2 chassis built by then.

Taking the dropped cars of GTE-Pro (7 cars) and possible lost Am cars in the last year and possible P2 losses (Penske, AF Corse at least), I think we'll have 10 "open spaces" vs this year. And the ACO will add their premier cars for the 100 anniversary over more GT cars

By that same token, I'd fully expect a 3rd Pug as well - and perhaps Ferrari. And a 4th Porsche is certainly not out of the question, there's only one Centennial every 100 years after all (well two since the 100th edition will be further down the road. )

Edit: if we are to include 2 Glickenhaus cars, 2 Caddys and a surprise Beamer, the possible total would come to 18 (4 Porsches + 3 Toyotas + 3 Peugeots + 3 Ferraris + 2 + 2 +1). All the ACO has to do is eliminate 6 P2s and/or GTs and we're set. Should be rather straightforward for the selection committee.

Last edited by Coach Ep; 14 Jun 2022 at 20:46.
Coach Ep is offline  
Old 14 Jun 2022, 22:56 (Ref:4115657)   #5
canaglia
Veteran
 
Join Date: Aug 2016
Posts: 1,920
canaglia should be qualifying in the top 10 on the gridcanaglia should be qualifying in the top 10 on the grid
Quote:
Originally Posted by Coach Ep View Post

total would come to 18 (4 Porsches + 3 Toyotas + 3 Peugeots + 3 Ferraris + 2 + 2 +1).

Is this a 2023 prediction? Optimism here is over 9000.
canaglia is offline  
Old 13 Jun 2022, 22:09 (Ref:4115460)   #6
canaglia
Veteran
 
Join Date: Aug 2016
Posts: 1,920
canaglia should be qualifying in the top 10 on the gridcanaglia should be qualifying in the top 10 on the grid
Quote:
Originally Posted by kartman24 View Post
Well this years race has been and gone and hopefully we can look forward to a much greater depth of competition in the top class in the next few years. What do we reckon next years Hypercar class entry list will comprise of? I will kick it off, if anyone has more info on the likely entries please speak up!

2 Toyotas
2 Glickenhaus
2 Peugeots
2/4 Porsche
2 Ferrari
2/4 Cadillac
Acura?
BMW?



(more or less) confirmed 2023 WEC entries



2x toyota
2x ferrari
2x peugeot
2x porsche
1x cadillac



it's difficult to tell by now if glickenhaus will be at LM with one or two cars. Acura already confirmed that WTR and MSR won't be at le mans next year. Alpine and lamborghini will debut in 2024.
Rumored BMW WRT is a big question mark by now, but that's another probably 2024 entry for what is being told at the moment.
GM stated they're going to have at least 2 cars in IMSA and 1 full season WEC.
Private porsche lmdh for 2023 is a little too much optimistic IMHO.
canaglia is offline  
Old 13 Jun 2022, 22:49 (Ref:4115466)   #7
Simmi
Veteran
 
Simmi's Avatar
 
Join Date: Sep 2010
United Kingdom
Posts: 9,052
Simmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of Fame
Somewhere between 10 and 12 feels about right and then it will explode in '24. Pushing 30 cars I reckon.

Like broadrun96 referenced, I do wonder when the 3rd works cars will come in. With entry lists getting tighter perhaps teams will need to commit to full or partial seasons with any additional cars? And I think we'll see some extremely thinly veiled 'customer' teams.
Simmi is offline  
__________________
For when your year runs from June to June - '11/'12/'13/'14/'15/'16/'17/'18/'19/xx/'21/'22/'23/'24
Instagram: rsmotorsportmedia
Old 14 Jun 2022, 18:12 (Ref:4115609)   #8
joeb
Race Official
Veteran
 
joeb's Avatar
 
Join Date: Oct 2007
United States
Baton Rouge, LA
Posts: 16,557
joeb is the undisputed Champion of the World!joeb is the undisputed Champion of the World!joeb is the undisputed Champion of the World!joeb is the undisputed Champion of the World!joeb is the undisputed Champion of the World!joeb is the undisputed Champion of the World!joeb is the undisputed Champion of the World!joeb is the undisputed Champion of the World!joeb is the undisputed Champion of the World!joeb is the undisputed Champion of the World!joeb is the undisputed Champion of the World!
Quote:
Originally Posted by Simmi View Post
Somewhere between 10 and 12 feels about right and then it will explode in '24. Pushing 30 cars I reckon.

Like broadrun96 referenced, I do wonder when the 3rd works cars will come in. With entry lists getting tighter perhaps teams will need to commit to full or partial seasons with any additional cars? And I think we'll see some extremely thinly veiled 'customer' teams.
What would a required full season WEC entry do for entries in the other classes though? would there be much room?
joeb is offline  
Old 14 Jun 2022, 18:29 (Ref:4115613)   #9
Simmi
Veteran
 
Simmi's Avatar
 
Join Date: Sep 2010
United Kingdom
Posts: 9,052
Simmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of Fame
Quote:
Originally Posted by joeb View Post
What would a required full season WEC entry do for entries in the other classes though? would there be much room?
I think it's going to be a big issue for them going forward if they are still capped. To the point that any tracks that can't support more could be dropped. That's just a guess. I think Fuji is the main issue but Toyota's bargaining power will diminish with so many other manufacturers in the paddock.

That said I don't think it will be the top class that suffers if/when tough entry decisions need to be made.
Simmi is offline  
__________________
For when your year runs from June to June - '11/'12/'13/'14/'15/'16/'17/'18/'19/xx/'21/'22/'23/'24
Instagram: rsmotorsportmedia
Old 14 Jun 2022, 19:43 (Ref:4115638)   #10
broadrun96
Veteran
 
broadrun96's Avatar
 
Join Date: Mar 2005
United States
Posts: 12,135
broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!
Quote:
Originally Posted by joeb View Post
What would a required full season WEC entry do for entries in the other classes though? would there be much room?
Well all 62 don't run the full season so there's space to add LM only cars. Have to assume outside of the IMSA and AsLMS auto invites most of the remaining at-large (for lack of a better term) would be Hypercar/GTP cars. Gotta make it look good for future manufacturers and promote we will make space for you
broadrun96 is online now  
Old 14 Jun 2022, 20:23 (Ref:4115645)   #11
Michel Vaillant
Racer
 
Join Date: Feb 2015
France
Le Mans, Sarthe
Posts: 148
Michel Vaillant should be qualifying in the top 5 on the gridMichel Vaillant should be qualifying in the top 5 on the grid
Why nobody expected Vanwall/Kolles ? :mrgreen:
Michel Vaillant is offline  
Old 14 Jun 2022, 22:58 (Ref:4115658)   #12
S griffin
Veteran
 
Join Date: Jul 2013
Posts: 18,727
S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!
I think we should hopefully get the number of hypercars into double figures. There’s enough noises from manufacturers to suggest this
S griffin is offline  
__________________
He who dares wins!
He who hesitates is lost!
Old 15 Jun 2022, 08:28 (Ref:4115690)   #13
canaglia
Veteran
 
Join Date: Aug 2016
Posts: 1,920
canaglia should be qualifying in the top 10 on the gridcanaglia should be qualifying in the top 10 on the grid
Quote:
Originally Posted by S griffin View Post
I think we should hopefully get the number of hypercars into double figures. There’s enough noises from manufacturers to suggest this

Speaking for 2023 I think reaching double figures is all about on what glickenhaus is going to do, 8 cars entries are quite solid (ferrari, peugeot, toyota and porsche).

+ 1 WEC car by cadillac according to actual GM statement and to me it's unlikely to see a second one considering they should deliver it from detroit to france to then bring it back to USA for WG, taking risk of that car getting damaged or written off during the race. A second cadillac I can see it happen only if dallara would produce one or two extra chassis for 2023.

Third car for ferrari, peugeot and toyota is too early, only toyota has shown a little interest for a third car to let ogier running at LM. In my opinion we won't see third cars at all because of cost saving policy and most important because none of them will give a car full of confidential technologies to a private team, even if officially backed.

During barcelona tests porsche stated that they didn't decide yet if they're going to bring or not IMSA cars to LM as well, but at the same time they also stated that having more than 2 cars wasn't exactly their priority, and just like cadillac, I see it unlikely for the same logistical reasons.

The only one left is glickenhaus, but unlike 2021 and 2022, next year will be quite harder for them getting a chance to the podium, his involvment in 2023 LM is basically impossible to predict at the moment.

The rumored BMW WRT seems like a 2024 program.

So, my 2023 prediction

(solid entries)
2x ferrari
2x peugeot
2x WEC porsche penske
2x toyota
1x WEC cadillac cgr

(potential but unconfirmed entries)
1-2x glickenhaus

(unlikely entries)
+1x IMSA cadillac cgr
+2x IMSA porsche penske

+1x BMW WRT


(way more unlikely entries)
+1x third toyota
+1x kolles HyPeRcAr
canaglia is offline  
Old 14 Jun 2022, 23:55 (Ref:4115660)   #14
Coach Ep
Veteran
 
Coach Ep's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jun 2009
Posts: 4,482
Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!
There might also be a privateer or two who are getting their hands a Porsche LMDh, Proton is certainly in the mix and perhaps DragonSpeed? Or United?
Coach Ep is offline  
Old 15 Jun 2022, 01:25 (Ref:4115664)   #15
broadrun96
Veteran
 
broadrun96's Avatar
 
Join Date: Mar 2005
United States
Posts: 12,135
broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!broadrun96 is the undisputed Champion of the World!
Quote:
Originally Posted by Coach Ep View Post
There might also be a privateer or two who are getting their hands a Porsche LMDh, Proton is certainly in the mix and perhaps DragonSpeed? Or United?
I thought Porsche said they wouldn't have any customer cars until 2024 with having to make the 4 cars plus spares of the factory program. I would definitely expect Proton to get at least 1 car at some point.

Dragonspeed or United I would expect to try to get other cars with more support, Graham made it sound like there's at least one more ready to announce soon and another ready to confirm they're in process.

But I'm on your side with optimism and extra cars. Not sure about BMW though, feels like an IMSA only cost saving attempt.
broadrun96 is online now  
Old 15 Jun 2022, 09:08 (Ref:4115696)   #16
kdr
Veteran
 
kdr's Avatar
 
Join Date: Mar 2002
Posts: 2,744
kdr should be qualifying in the top 5 on the gridkdr should be qualifying in the top 5 on the grid
Curious. If BMW and Acura running teams are only in IMSA at the time, does this preclude them from submitting an application to enter LM 2023 to the ACO?
kdr is offline  
__________________
I want you to drive flat out
Old 15 Jun 2022, 11:29 (Ref:4115717)   #17
Simmi
Veteran
 
Simmi's Avatar
 
Join Date: Sep 2010
United Kingdom
Posts: 9,052
Simmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of FameSimmi will be entering the Motorsport Hall of Fame
Quote:
Originally Posted by kdr View Post
Curious. If BMW and Acura running teams are only in IMSA at the time, does this preclude them from submitting an application to enter LM 2023 to the ACO?
I think they can try and enter. But it will be quickly batted back by the ACO.

I think the second IMSA Cadillac would be looked on favourably as they'll already have that WEC presence.
Simmi is offline  
__________________
For when your year runs from June to June - '11/'12/'13/'14/'15/'16/'17/'18/'19/xx/'21/'22/'23/'24
Instagram: rsmotorsportmedia
Old 15 Jun 2022, 09:34 (Ref:4115705)   #18
S griffin
Veteran
 
Join Date: Jul 2013
Posts: 18,727
S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!
I'm sure it won't matter too much for BMW, their main priority at the moment is returning to Le Mans. Acura seem more involved in IMSA than BMW are IMHO
S griffin is offline  
__________________
He who dares wins!
He who hesitates is lost!
Old 15 Jun 2022, 10:04 (Ref:4115711)   #19
Michel Vaillant
Racer
 
Join Date: Feb 2015
France
Le Mans, Sarthe
Posts: 148
Michel Vaillant should be qualifying in the top 5 on the gridMichel Vaillant should be qualifying in the top 5 on the grid
I think there will be a Kolles HyperCar. That was the plan, and the car is already built…
Michel Vaillant is offline  
Old 15 Jun 2022, 10:36 (Ref:4115712)   #20
tux
Veteran
 
Join Date: Jan 2006
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Posts: 4,857
tux should be qualifying in the top 3 on the gridtux should be qualifying in the top 3 on the gridtux should be qualifying in the top 3 on the grid
Hope so Michel Vaillant but lets be honest, you wouldn't want to bet your house on it. Car was testing on track in April so you would hope if they can sort out the naming issues then they'd appear. Doubt they'd get a place at Le Mans though IF the ACO needs a space for a manufacturer entry.
tux is offline  
Old 15 Jun 2022, 11:33 (Ref:4115718)   #21
S griffin
Veteran
 
Join Date: Jul 2013
Posts: 18,727
S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!S griffin is going for a new world record!
I don’t see why they shouldn’t be allowed to enter. The ACO maybe needs to come to some agreement

Would love to see Cadillac back at Le Mans, we’ve seen how well they’ve done in IMSA and they definitely would be a great addition at Le Mans if they entered in the Hyperclass
S griffin is offline  
__________________
He who dares wins!
He who hesitates is lost!
Old 15 Jun 2022, 12:08 (Ref:4115729)   #22
canaglia
Veteran
 
Join Date: Aug 2016
Posts: 1,920
canaglia should be qualifying in the top 10 on the gridcanaglia should be qualifying in the top 10 on the grid
Quote:
Originally Posted by S griffin View Post
I don’t see why they shouldn’t be allowed to enter. The ACO maybe needs to come to some agreement

"it's not about money it's about sending a message"


if ACO lets acura teams enter LM, in future many other teams will be asking to enter LM without getting involved in WEC.
canaglia is offline  
Old 15 Jun 2022, 20:57 (Ref:4115817)   #23
Coach Ep
Veteran
 
Coach Ep's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jun 2009
Posts: 4,482
Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!
Quote:
Originally Posted by canaglia View Post
"it's not about money it's about sending a message"


if ACO lets acura teams enter LM, in future many other teams will be asking to enter LM without getting involved in WEC.

No Acuras @ LM in 2023 as officially stated already by WTR and MSR. Maybe in 2024 but it would need approval from Japan and perhaps more importantly, additional backing to run a WEC campaign as neither of the teams are full factory efforts like Penske - just heavily factory (HPD) supported.
Coach Ep is offline  
Old 15 Jun 2022, 23:01 (Ref:4115825)   #24
canaglia
Veteran
 
Join Date: Aug 2016
Posts: 1,920
canaglia should be qualifying in the top 10 on the gridcanaglia should be qualifying in the top 10 on the grid
Quote:
Originally Posted by Coach Ep View Post
No Acuras @ LM in 2023 as officially stated already by WTR and MSR. Maybe in 2024 but it would need approval from Japan and perhaps more importantly, additional backing to run a WEC campaign as neither of the teams are full factory efforts like Penske - just heavily factory (HPD) supported.

Yes, hpd already confirmed that msr and wrt won't be at LM next year. Anyway, excluding the full work backed 3 years penske program, HPD supplies cars and technical support but it usually doesn't give any budget/financial support to the teams using arx cars.
I don't think will be required any approval from japan... it's more about msr and/or wtr being able to put together some extra budget to run at LM in 2024.
canaglia is offline  
Old 16 Jun 2022, 18:40 (Ref:4115946)   #25
Coach Ep
Veteran
 
Coach Ep's Avatar
 
Join Date: Jun 2009
Posts: 4,482
Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!Coach Ep is going for a new lap record!
Quote:
Originally Posted by canaglia View Post
Yes, hpd already confirmed that msr and wrt won't be at LM next year. Anyway, excluding the full work backed 3 years penske program, HPD supplies cars and technical support but it usually doesn't give any budget/financial support to the teams using arx cars.
I don't think will be required any approval from japan... it's more about msr and/or wtr being able to put together some extra budget to run at LM in 2024.

Here it disagrees with your last line of thought:

Quote:
A Honda spokesperson told Sportscar365 that a run at Le Mans with the newly revealed Acura ARX-06 was “never in the cards” for next year and that every discussion has been focused on 2024 if Honda Motor Company agrees.

Any international sports car program would need to get the green-light from Japan, as was the case with HPD’s most recent effort in the FIA World Endurance Championship in 2012-13 with the HPD ARX-03c LMP1 car.

https://sportscar365.com/lemans/wec/...da-acura-lmdh/
Coach Ep is offline  
Closed Thread

Thread Tools
Display Modes

Posting Rules
You may not post new threads
You may not post replies
You may not post attachments
You may not edit your posts

BB code is On
Smilies are On
[IMG] code is On
HTML code is Off

Forum Jump

Similar Threads
Thread Thread Starter Forum Replies Last Post
[LM24] LM 2023 Ticket Sales/Swaps Only (Closed) Aysedasi 24 Heures du Mans 126 10 Jun 2023 05:33
[Official] Bahrain Grand Prix - Predictions Contest 2023 - Round 1 of 23 - Entries Born Racer Predictions Contest & Fun 18 4 Mar 2023 14:52
[LM24] Le Mans 2010 (Entries - Informed Guesswork and Speculation!) Thread Now Closed HORNDAWG 24 Heures du Mans 302 4 Feb 2010 18:43
24hr entries closed superman2000 Australasian Touring Cars. 103 16 Nov 2003 12:01


All times are GMT. The time now is 23:11.


Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.11
Copyright ©2000 - 2024, vBulletin Solutions Inc.
Original Website Copyright © 1998-2003 Craig Antil. All Rights Reserved.
Ten-Tenths Motorsport Forums Copyright © 2004-2021 Royalridge Computing. All Rights Reserved.
Ten-Tenths Motorsport Forums Copyright © 2021-2022 Grant MacDonald. All Rights Reserved.